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Kleros Court is the core dispute resolution protocol. This page covers both V1 (Ethereum Mainnet and Gnosis Chain) and V2 (Arbitrum).

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V1 (Ethereum Mainnet / Gnosis Chain)

Court V1 is the production interface for Kleros dispute resolution on Ethereum Mainnet and Gnosis Chain. It has been in production since 2018 and continues to receive active development. Technical details:
  • Operates on Ethereum Mainnet and Gnosis Chain
  • Uses the ERC-792 arbitration standard and ERC-1497 evidence standard
  • Juror selection via a sortition tree with PNK staking
  • Staking rewards distributed monthly (KIP-66, implemented September 2025)
V1 uses a single KlerosLiquid contract that combines arbitration, staking, juror drawing, voting, and appeal logic: V1 integration is fully supported. Developers can use the ERC-792 and ERC-1497 standards (documented under Arbitrable Apps) to build arbitrable contracts that use Court V1.

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V1 interface

The Court V1 interface at court.kleros.io supports:
  • Wallet-optional browsing: the interface works without a connected wallet, defaulting to view mode with a Connect prompt, including the switch-to-mainnet modal
  • Dark mode
  • Notifications via Atlas: vote reminders (with a fixed, configurable reminder time), dispute outcomes (won/lost), appeals, and appealable disputes, with an unsubscribe option on the settings page
  • Staking rewards exporter: a paginated, mobile-friendly page showing monthly KIP-66 staking rewards and monthly totals, with APY calculated using adjusted KLEROS supply
  • Per-court vote visibility: public vs. hidden vote details for each court are visible at staking time
  • Reality case display: “Invalid” is shown instead of “Refuse to Arbitrate” for Reality cases
  • Registry whitelists: Seer Curate on Gnosis, the Kleros Tokens Registry, and the Seer Market registry
For the history of changes, see the Changelog and the Kleros blog developer updates. For V1 contract addresses, see Deployment Addresses V1.

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V2 (Arbitrum)

Court V2 is the next-generation dispute resolution protocol on Arbitrum. This section documents technical details only. Technical details:
  • Modular dispute resolution via pluggable dispute kits (DisputeKitClassic, DisputeKitSybilResistant, and others)
  • Cross-chain ruling delivery via the Vea bridge
  • Juror selection via the SortitionModule using Chainlink VRF v2.5 for verifiable randomness
  • Support for multiple specialized dispute kits per court
Contract audit status:
  • Four internal review rounds (Rounds 1–4, September–November 2025) with all findings triaged
  • External audit by Certora (December 2025–January 2026); audit responses submitted
  • Internal review completed April 2026
  • Contract simplification work across dispute kits (May–June 2026)
The Certora audit was conducted on the contracts as submitted (December 2025–January 2026). Contract simplification work continued afterward, so the audit does not cover the final version.
Specialized dispute kits:
  • Argentina Consumer Protection DK (gated, SBT-based)
  • University DK
  • Shutter DK (commit/reveal with threshold encryption via Shutter Network)
  • Partial-coherence dispute kit (merged)
  • Forking dispute kit (in draft)
Frontend:
  • 100+ cases resolved on Court V2 Beta
  • Profile page live; commit logic extracted from the UI for testability
  • End-to-end test infrastructure in progress
For V2 contract addresses, see the V2 Deployment Addresses reference.